{"id":2572,"date":"2025-05-19T03:00:09","date_gmt":"2025-05-19T02:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/?page_id=2572"},"modified":"2025-05-19T03:16:33","modified_gmt":"2025-05-19T02:16:33","slug":"chapter_2_5","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/evb_home\/modules_theory\/chapter_2_5\/","title":{"rendered":"EVB Chapter_2_5"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2572\" class=\"elementor elementor-2572\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bad944 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7bad944\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dead2f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"dead2f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f8f7e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f8f7e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9db006 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c9db006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chapter 2.5\n<br>\nRespiratory System in Vertebrates (Fishes to Mammals)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cbb10c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9cbb10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b640fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3b640fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a38fb1b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a38fb1b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c76b677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c76b677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A. Respiration and Respiratory System<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c125d08 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c125d08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ccba27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8ccba27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"852\" src=\"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/g7edc3e57b1ab7bd7865a2243a8401966e63c9010d931167dfce08bdf06d962101b5abb6525e56c9a37f67792c36ccd54b70508bf22b5ff37388e43466c55061f_1280-1476620-1024x852.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2574\" alt=\"diagnosis, xray, chest, lungs, ribs, body, human, organs, bone, medicine, nipple rings, gray medicine, gray body, gray human, xray, xray, xray, lungs, lungs, lungs, lungs, lungs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/g7edc3e57b1ab7bd7865a2243a8401966e63c9010d931167dfce08bdf06d962101b5abb6525e56c9a37f67792c36ccd54b70508bf22b5ff37388e43466c55061f_1280-1476620-1024x852.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/g7edc3e57b1ab7bd7865a2243a8401966e63c9010d931167dfce08bdf06d962101b5abb6525e56c9a37f67792c36ccd54b70508bf22b5ff37388e43466c55061f_1280-1476620-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/g7edc3e57b1ab7bd7865a2243a8401966e63c9010d931167dfce08bdf06d962101b5abb6525e56c9a37f67792c36ccd54b70508bf22b5ff37388e43466c55061f_1280-1476620-768x639.jpg 768w, https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/g7edc3e57b1ab7bd7865a2243a8401966e63c9010d931167dfce08bdf06d962101b5abb6525e56c9a37f67792c36ccd54b70508bf22b5ff37388e43466c55061f_1280-1476620.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f68ff9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8f68ff9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c20e71a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c20e71a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/h6><p><strong>Definition of Respiration<\/strong><br \/>Respiration is the biochemical process by which organisms <strong>exchange gases (O\u2082 and CO\u2082) <\/strong>with their environment to support cellular metabolism.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>I. Functions of the Respiratory System<\/strong><\/span><\/h6><p>1. <strong>Gas Exchange<\/strong>: Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal. <br \/>2. <strong>pH Regulation<\/strong>: Maintains acid-base balance via CO\u2082 expulsion. <br \/>3. <strong>Thermoregulation<\/strong>: Panting in mammals and birds. <br \/>4. <strong>Vocalization<\/strong>: Laryngeal structures in mammals and birds.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>II. Evolutionary Context<\/strong><\/span><\/h6><ul><li>Early vertebrates relied on <strong>cutaneous respiration <\/strong>(skin). <\/li><li>Aquatic vertebrates evolved <strong>gills <\/strong>for efficient oxygen extraction from water. <\/li><li>Terrestrial vertebrates developed <strong>lungs <\/strong>for aerial respiration.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>III. Types of Respiratory Systems in Vertebrates<\/strong><\/span><\/h6><p><strong>A. Cutaneous Respiration<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Definition<\/strong>: Gas exchange through the skin. <\/li><li><strong>Examples<\/strong>:\u00a0<br \/><ul><li>Amphibians (frogs, salamanders). <\/li><li>Some fish (e.g., lungfish during estivation).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Limitations<\/strong>: Requires moist skin; inefficient for large animals.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>B. Gills (Aquatic Respiration)<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Found in<\/strong>: Fishes, larval amphibians, some aquatic reptiles. <\/li><li><strong>Structure<\/strong>: Filamentous projections with <strong>lamellae <\/strong>for increased surface area. <\/li><li><strong>Mechanism<\/strong>: Countercurrent exchange system maximizes O\u2082 uptake.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>C. Lungs (Aerial Respiration)<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Found in<\/strong>: Tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals). <\/li><li><strong>Evolution<\/strong>: Derived from <strong>swim bladders <\/strong>in primitive fish. <\/li><li><strong>Types<\/strong>:<br \/><ul><li><strong>Simple sac-like lungs<\/strong>\u00a0(amphibians, reptiles). <\/li><li><strong>Alveolar lungs <\/strong>(mammals). <\/li><li><strong>Parabronchial lungs <\/strong>(birds, unidirectional airflow).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>D. Accessory Respiratory Structures<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1. Swim Bladders<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li>Derived from lungs in some fish (e.g., teleosts). <\/li><li>Functions in buoyancy, occasionally respiration.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>2. Buccopharyngeal Respiration<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li>Frogs use mouth lining for gas exchange. <\/li><\/ul><p><strong>3. Cloacal Respiration:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Some turtles use cloaca for underwater breathing.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cc56ac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0cc56ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-863228a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"863228a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68bf1c4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"68bf1c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a932cd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a932cd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pexels-photo-32112544-32112544-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2575\" alt=\"Close-up of mudskippers on a sandy beach shore displaying unique amphibious behavior.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pexels-photo-32112544-32112544-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pexels-photo-32112544-32112544-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pexels-photo-32112544-32112544-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pexels-photo-32112544-32112544-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pexels-photo-32112544-32112544-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-355fb75 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"355fb75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11ca44b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11ca44b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.46667rem\">B. Gills, Lungs, and Other Respiratory Structures<\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-464ff81 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"464ff81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22289f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22289f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>I. Detailed Structure and Function of Respiratory Organs<\/strong><\/span><\/h6><p><strong>A. Gills in Fishes and Amphibians<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Structure<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Gill Arches<\/strong>: Bony or cartilaginous support. <\/li><li><strong>Gill Filaments<\/strong>: Primary sites of gas exchange. <\/li><li><strong>Lamellae<\/strong>: Thin, vascularized folds increasing surface area.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Mechanism<\/strong>:<\/p><ol><li><strong>Ventilation<\/strong>: Water flows over gills via <strong>buccal pumping<\/strong> or <strong>ram ventilation <\/strong>(sharks). <\/li><li><strong>Countercurrent Exchange<\/strong>: Blood flows opposite to water, maximizing O\u2082 diffusion.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Adaptations<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Active Fish<\/strong> (e.g., Tuna): High gill surface area for rapid gas exchange. <\/li><li><strong>Air-Breathing Fish<\/strong> (e.g., Lungfish): Modified gills for bimodal respiration.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>B. Lungs in Tetrapods<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1) Amphibians<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Simple Sacs<\/strong>: Poorly subdivided; rely on cutaneous respiration. <\/li><li><strong>Positive Pressure Breathing<\/strong>: Gulping air via buccal pumping.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>2) Reptiles<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>More Complex<\/strong>: Septa increase surface area. <\/li><li><strong>Negative Pressure Breathing<\/strong>: Rib expansion draws air in.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>3) Birds<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Parabronchial Lungs<\/strong>: Unidirectional airflow via air sacs. <\/li><li><strong>Cross-Current Exchange<\/strong>: Highly efficient O\u2082 uptake for flight.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>4) Mammals<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Alveolar Lungs<\/strong>: Millions of alveoli for gas exchange. <\/li><li><strong>Diaphragm<\/strong>: Enhances negative pressure breathing.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>C. Swim Bladders and Other Structures<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Evolutionary Link<\/strong>: Swim bladders in ray-finned fish became primitive lungs. <\/li><li><strong>Bimodal Breathing<\/strong>: Some fish (e.g., gar) use both gills and lungs.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>II. Comparative Respiratory Physiology Across Vertebrates<\/strong><\/span><\/h6><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2576 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Table-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"846\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Table-5.png 846w, https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Table-5-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Table-5-768x325.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 846px) 100vw, 846px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>III. Major Evolutionary Milestones in Vertebrate Respiration<\/strong><\/span><\/h6><p><strong>1) Origin of Gills<\/strong> (~500 MYA)<\/p><ul><li>Early chordates (e.g., lancelets) used pharyngeal slits for filter-feeding. <\/li><li>Jawless fish (agnathans) adapted slits for gas exchange.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>2) Transition to Lungs<\/strong> (~400 MYA)<\/p><ul><li>Lobe-finned fish (e.g., <em>Eusthenopteron <\/em>) developed primitive lungs. <\/li><li><strong>Swim Bladder Divergence<\/strong>: Ray-finned fish modified lungs for buoyancy and primitive lung-based respiration.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>3) Terrestrial Adaptations<\/strong> (~375 MYA)<\/p><ul><li>Early tetrapods (e.g., <em>Acanthostega<\/em>) retained gills but had rudimentary lungs. <\/li><li>Amphibians relied on <strong>cutaneous respiration <\/strong>due to inefficient lungs.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>4) Amniote Innovations<\/strong> (~320 MYA)<\/p><ul><li><strong>Reptiles<\/strong>: Developed <strong>septate lungs <\/strong>for better O\u2082 uptake. <\/li><li><strong>Birds<\/strong>: Evolved <strong>air sacs <\/strong>for unidirectional flow (flight adaptation). <\/li><li><strong>Mammals<\/strong>: <strong>Alveolar lungs <\/strong>and <strong>diaphragm <\/strong>for high metabolic demands.<\/li><\/ul><h6>\u00a0<\/h6><h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><\/h6><p>The vertebrate respiratory system showcases <strong>remarkable evolutionary innovation<\/strong>, from gills in fish to the highly efficient lungs of birds and mammals. Key milestones include: i) <strong>Gill-to-Lung Transition<\/strong>** for terrestrial life, ii) <strong>Avian Air Sacs <\/strong>\u00a0enabling endurance flight, and iii) <strong>Mammalian Alveoli <\/strong>supporting endothermy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2821eb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2821eb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7a0925 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c7a0925\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/evb_home\/modules_theory\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back to Theory Modules<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 2.5 Respiratory System in Vertebrates (Fishes to Mammals) A. Respiration and Respiratory System Introduction Definition of RespirationRespiration is the biochemical process by which organisms exchange gases (O\u2082 and CO\u2082) with their environment to support cellular metabolism. \u00a0 I. Functions of the Respiratory System 1. Gas Exchange: Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal. 2. pH &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/evb_home\/modules_theory\/chapter_2_5\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">EVB Chapter_2_5<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2437,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"unboxed","site-sidebar-style":"unboxed","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2572","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2572","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2572"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2572\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2579,"href":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2572\/revisions\/2579"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2437"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myknowledgehub.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2572"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}